Learn Everything About Horse Flies
Learn everything about horse flies below!
Say Goodbye to Horse Fly Bites: How Our Bug Zapper Can Save the Day
Tired of those pesky horse flies ruining your outdoor experience with their painful bites? Say goodbye to those bothersome horse flies with our revolutionary bug zapper! Designed to zap away those annoying insects, our bug zapper provides a simple yet effective solution to keep your space free from horse flies. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into what horse flies are, the nuisance they bring, and how our bug zapper can come to your rescue. Get ready to reclaim your outdoor freedom and enjoy bug-free days with our innovative bug zapper.
Understanding Horse Flies: A Brief Introduction
What Are Horse Flies?
Horse flies are a common nuisance for both humans and animals, particularly during the warm months when outdoor activities are most prevalent. These insects are known for their aggressive biting behavior, which can be both painful and irritating. Horse flies are not just a mere annoyance; they can also be carriers of certain diseases, posing a health risk.
Identifying horse flies is relatively straightforward. They are typically larger than the average housefly and have a stout, dark-colored body with large, often brightly colored eyes. The females are the biters, as they require blood to reproduce. They are attracted to movement, warmth, and carbon dioxide, which is why they often target humans and animals. Understanding these pests is the first step in effectively keeping them at bay with solutions like our bug zapper.
Why You Should Care About Horse Fly Bites
Horse fly bites are not just a minor inconvenience; they can lead to more serious concerns. Firstly, the bite itself is quite painful due to the horse fly’s cutting and lapping method of feeding. This can result in welts or hives for those with sensitive skin. More importantly, horse flies can transmit diseases and infections. While not as common, the potential for horse flies to spread pathogens to humans and animals should not be taken lightly.
Additionally, frequent bites can lead to allergic reactions. Some individuals may experience intense itching, swelling, and discomfort that can last for several days. For pet owners, horse flies can be a torment to animals, causing them distress and potentially leading to infections from constant scratching or biting at the bite site. Therefore, protecting yourself and your animals from horse fly bites is crucial for health and comfort reasons.
The Bug Zapper: Your Ultimate Defense Against Horse Flies
How Our Bug Zapper Works
Our bug zapper is a highly effective tool against horse flies and operates on a simple yet powerful principle. It lures insects with an ultraviolet light that is irresistible to them, especially in darker settings or during the evening. Once the horse flies approach the light, they encounter an electrified grid. This grid delivers a swift, fatal shock, instantly zapping the horse flies upon contact.
The system is designed to be both safe and eco-friendly, using minimal energy and eliminating the need for chemical repellents that can harm the environment. Our bug zapper is also easy to maintain, with removable trays for disposing of the zapped insects. This straightforward approach to controlling horse flies not only reduces the number of bites but also helps in creating a more pleasant and safer outdoor environment for you and those around you.
Why Choose Our Bug Zapper Over Other Solutions
Choosing our bug zapper over other solutions is a decision that prioritizes efficiency, safety, and environmental responsibility. Unlike chemical sprays that can be harmful to people, pets, and the planet, our bug zapper uses physical means to eliminate horse flies without the use of toxins. It’s a clean method that doesn’t leave any residues or odors.
Moreover, our bug zapper is engineered for durability and long-term use. It’s made with high-quality materials that withstand various weather conditions, making it ideal for both indoor and outdoor use. Its effectiveness is not limited to just horse flies; it works against a wide range of flying insects, providing you with comprehensive protection.
Cost-effectiveness is another advantage. Our bug zapper is a one-time investment that saves you money in the long run, as there is no need to regularly purchase refills or replacements as you would with repellents or disposable traps. It’s a practical, reliable, and sustainable choice for anyone looking to keep horse flies at bay.
Saying Goodbye to Horse Fly Bites: A Step-by-Step Guide
Preparing Your Space for the Bug Zapper
To maximize the effectiveness of your bug zapper against horse flies, it’s important to position it correctly. First, identify areas where horse flies are most active. These are typically places with lots of movement and where animals or people congregate. Install the bug zapper at a distance from these areas to draw the flies away.
Ensure the bug zapper is mounted or placed at the appropriate height—usually around 4-6 feet above the ground, as this is the typical flying zone for horse flies. Keep it away from strong light sources that could compete with its UV attraction.
Regular cleaning is also essential. Make sure to remove any debris or dead insects from the zapper to maintain its efficiency. By following these steps, you can create an optimal setup that will significantly reduce the presence of horse flies in your space, allowing you and your animals to enjoy the outdoors without the threat of bites.
Ensuring Effective Use of Your Bug Zapper
To ensure that your bug zapper works effectively against horse flies, there are certain best practices to follow. First, turn the zapper on before peak horse fly activity times, usually before dusk, so it can start working to reduce the fly population as they become active.
It’s also important to place the bug zapper in a location where it won’t be obstructed by other objects, such as under a tree or a porch awning. Open spaces work best to allow horse flies to see the UV light from a distance.
Maintenance is key to effectiveness. Check the zapper regularly to ensure the electric grid is clear of any insect remains that could impede performance. Also, monitor the UV light bulb and replace it as recommended by the manufacturer, as a dim light might not attract as many horse flies.
By taking these simple steps, you can significantly increase the chances of keeping horse flies away from your outdoor areas with the bug zapper.
Maintaining Your Bug Zapper for Long-Term Use
Maintaining your bug zapper is crucial for its longevity and effectiveness in combating horse flies. Regular cleaning is the most important part of maintenance. At least once a week, switch off and unplug the device, then remove and empty the tray where dead insects accumulate. Use a small brush or cloth to gently clean the grid and the interior area, removing any remaining debris.
Additionally, protect your bug zapper from harsh weather conditions by placing it under cover if possible, or bringing it indoors during extreme weather. This will prevent damage and keep it in good working order.
Lastly, the UV bulbs in your bug zapper are vital to its operation. They should be replaced annually or according to the hours of operation suggested by the manufacturer. A bright, functioning light will ensure the zapper remains attractive to horse flies. With these simple steps, your bug zapper will be a reliable tool for many seasons to come.
Horse-flies or horseflies (for other names, see § Common names) are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect order Diptera. They are often large and agile in flight, and the females bite animals, including humans, to obtain blood. They prefer to fly in sunlight, avoiding dark and shady areas, and are inactive at night. They are found all over the world except for some islands and the polar regions (Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland). Both horse-flies and botflies (Oestridae) are sometimes referred to as gadflies.
Adult horse-flies feed on nectar and plant exudates; the males have weak mouthparts and only the females bite animals to obtain enough protein from blood to produce eggs. The mouthparts of females are formed into a stout stabbing organ with two pairs of sharp cutting blades, and a spongelike part used to lap up the blood that flows from the wound. The larvae are predaceous and grow in semiaquatic habitats.
Female horse-flies can transfer blood-borne diseases from one animal to another through their feeding habit. In areas where diseases occur, they have been known to carry equine infectious anaemia virus, some trypanosomes, the filarial worm Loa loa, anthrax among cattle and sheep, and tularemia. They can reduce growth rates in cattle and lower the milk output of cows if suitable shelters are not provided.
Horse-flies have appeared in literature since Aeschylus in Ancient Greece mentioned them driving people to madness through their persistent pursuit.
Common names
Apart from the common name “horse-flies”, broad categories of biting, bloodsucking Tabanidae are known by a large number of common names. The word “Tabanus” was first recorded by Pliny the Younger and has survived as the generic name. In general, country-folk did not distinguish between the various biting insects that irritated their cattle and called them all “gad-flies”, from the word “gad” meaning a spike. The most common name is “cleg[g]”, “gleg” or “clag”, which comes from Old Norse and may have originated from the Vikings. Other names such as “stouts” refer to the wide bodies of the insects and “dun-flies” to their sombre colouring. Chrysops species are known as “deer-flies”, perhaps because of their abundance on moorland where deer roam, and “buffalo-flies”, “moose-flies” and “elephant-flies” emanate from other parts of the world where these animals are found. In North America they are known as “horse flies” or “breeze-flies”, and in Australia some are known as “March flies”, a name used in other Anglophonic countries to refer to the non-bloodsucking Bibionidae
Description
Adult tabanids are large flies with prominent compound eyes, short antennae composed of three segments, and wide bodies. In females, the eyes are widely separated but in males they are almost touching; they are often patterned and brightly coloured in life but appear dull in preserved specimens. The terminal segment of the antennae is pointed and is annulated, appearing to be made up of several tapering rings. There are no hairs or arista arising from the antennae. Both head and thorax are clad in short hairs, but no bristles are on the body. The membranous forewings are clear, uniformly shaded grey or brown, or patterned in some species; they have a basal lobe (or calypter) that covers the modified knob-like hindwings or halteres. The tips of the legs have two lobes on the sides (pulvilli) and a central lobe or empodium in addition to two claws that enable them to grip surfaces. Species recognition is based on details of head structures (antennae, frons, and maxillae), the wing venation and the body patterning; minute variations of surface structure cause subtle alterations of the overlying hairs which alters the appearance of the body.
Tabanid species range from medium-sized to very large, robust insects. Most have a body length between 5 and 25 mm (0.2 and 1.0 in), with the largest having a wingspan of 60 mm (2.4 in). Deer flies in the genus Chrysops are up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long, have yellow to black bodies and striped abdomens, and membranous wings with dark patches. Horse-flies (genus Tabanus) are larger, up to 25 mm (1 in) in length and are mostly dark brown or black, with dark eyes, often with a metallic sheen. Yellow flies (genus Diachlorus) are similar in shape to deer flies, but have yellowish bodies and the eyes are purplish-black with a green sheen. Some species in the subfamily Pangoniinae have an exceptionally long proboscis (tubular mouthpart).
The larvae are long and cylindrical with small heads and 12 body segments. They have rings of tubercles (warty outgrowths) known as pseudopods around the segments, and also bands of short setae (bristles). The posterior tip of each larva has a breathing siphon and a bulbous area known as Graber’s organ. The outlines of the adult insect’s head and wings are visible through the pupa, which has seven moveable abdominal segments, all except the front one of which bears a band of setae. The posterior end of the pupa bears a group of spine-like tubercles.
Some species, such as deer flies and the Australian March flies, are known for being extremely noisy during flight, though clegs, for example, fly quietly and bite with little warning. Tabanids are agile fliers; Hybomitra species have been observed to perform aerial manoeuvres similar to those performed by fighter jets, such as the Immelmann turn. Horseflies can lay claim to being the fastest flying insects; the male Hybomitra hinei wrighti has been recorded reaching speeds of up to 145 km (90 mi) per hour when pursuing a female
Distribution and habitat
Horse-flies are found worldwide, except for the polar regions, but they are absent from some islands such as Greenland, Iceland, and Hawaii. The genera Tabanus, Chrysops, and Haematopota all occur in temperate, subtropical, and tropical locations, but Haematopota is absent from Australia and South America. Horse-flies mostly occur in warm areas with suitable moist locations for breeding, but also occupy a wide range of habitats from deserts to alpine meadows. They are found from sea level to at least 3,300 m (10,800 ft)
Evolution and taxonomy
The first record of a tabanid comes from the Late Jurassic of China, and specimens from the Cretaceous have been found in England, Spain, and possibly South Africa. In the New World, the first discoveries date from the Miocene of Florissant, Colorado. These insects are recognisable as tabanids both from their mouthparts and their wing venation. Although the bloodsucking habit is associated with a long proboscis, a fossil insect that has elongated mouthparts is not necessarily a bloodsucker, as it may instead have fed on nectar. The ancestral tabanids may have co-evolved with the angiosperm plants on which they fed. With a necessity for high-protein food for egg production, the diet of early tabanomorphs was probably predatory, and from this the bloodsucking habit may have evolved. In the Santana Formation in Brazil, no mammals have been found, so the fossil tabanids found there likely fed on reptiles. Cold bloodsucking probably preceded warm bloodsucking, but some dinosaurs are postulated to have been warm-blooded and may have been early hosts for the horse-flies.
The Tabanidae are true flies and members of the insect order Diptera. With the families Athericidae, Pelecorhynchidae and Oreoleptidae, Tabanidae are classified in the superfamily Tabanoidea. Along with the Rhagionoidea, this superfamily makes up the infraorder Tabanomorpha. Tabanoid families seem to be united by the presence of a venom canal in the mandible of the larvae. Worldwide, about 4,455 species of Tabanidae have been described, over 1,300 of them in the genus Tabanus.
Tabanid identification is based mostly on adult morphological characters of the head, wing venation, and sometimes the last abdominal segment. The genitalia are very simple and do not provide clear species differentiation as in many other insect groups. In the past, most taxonomic treatments considered the family to be composed of three subfamilies: Pangoniinae (tribes Pangoniini, Philolichini, Scionini), Chrysopsinae (tribes Bouvieromyiini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini), and Tabaninae (tribes Diachlorini, Haematopotini, Tabanini). Some treatments increased this to five subfamilies, adding the subfamily Adersiinae, with the single genus Adersia, and the subfamily Scepcidinae, with the two genera Braunsiomyia and Scepsis.
A 2015 study by Morita et al. using nucleotide data, aimed to clarify the phylogeny of the Tabanidae and supports three subfamilies. The subfamilies Pangoniinae and Tabaninae were shown to be monophyletic. The tribes Philolichini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini, and Haematopotini were found to be monophyletic, with the Scionini also being monophyletic apart from the difficult-to-place genus Goniops. Adersia was recovered within the Pangoniini as were the genera previously placed in the Scepcidinae, and Mycteromyia and Goniops were recovered within the Chrysopsini
Biology
Diet and biting behavior
Adult horse-flies feed on nectar and plant exudates, and some are important pollinators of certain specialised flowers; several South African and Asian species in the Pangoniinae have spectacularly long probosces adapted for the extraction of nectar from flowers with long, narrow corolla tubes, such as Lapeirousia, and certain Pelargonium.
Both males and females engage in nectar feeding, but in addition to this, females of most species are anautogenous, meaning they require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce effectively. To obtain the blood, the females, but not the males, bite animals, including humans. The female needs about six days to fully digest her blood meal and after that, she needs to find another host. The flies seem to be attracted to a potential victim by its movement, warmth, and surface texture, and by the carbon dioxide it breathes out. The flies mainly choose large mammals such as cattle, horses, camels, and deer, but few are species-specific. They have also been observed feeding on smaller mammals, birds, lizards, and turtles, and even on animals that have recently died. Unlike many biting insects such as mosquitoes, whose biting mechanism and saliva allow a bite not noticed by the host at the time, horse-fly bites are immediately irritating to the victim, so that they are often brushed off, and may have to visit multiple hosts to obtain sufficient blood. This behaviour means that they may carry disease-causing organisms from one host to another. The large animals and livestock mostly bitten by horse-flies are generally powerless to dislodge the fly, so there is no selective advantage for the flies to evolve a less immediately painful bite.
The mouthparts of females are of the usual dipteran form and consist of a bundle of six chitinous stylets that, together with a fold of the fleshy labium, form the proboscis. On either side of these are two maxillary palps. When the insect lands on an animal, it grips the surface with its clawed feet, the labium is retracted, the head is thrust downwards and the stylets slice into the flesh. Some of these have sawing edges and muscles can move them from side-to-side to enlarge the wound. Saliva containing anticoagulant is injected into the wound to prevent clotting. The blood that flows from the wound is lapped up by another mouthpart which functions as a sponge. Horse-fly bites can be painful for a day or more; fly saliva may provoke allergic reactions such as hives and difficulty with breathing. Tabanid bites can make life outdoors unpleasant for humans, and can reduce milk output in cattle. They are attracted by reflections from water which are polarized, making them a particular nuisance near swimming pools. Since tabanids prefer to be in sunshine, they normally avoid shaded places such as barns, and are inactive at night.
Attack patterns vary with species; clegs fly silently and prefer to bite humans on the wrist or bare leg; large species of Tabanus buzz loudly, fly low, and bite ankles, legs, or backs of knees; Chrysops flies somewhat higher, bites the back of the neck, and has a high buzzing note. The striped hides of zebras may have evolved to reduce their attractiveness to horse-flies and tsetse flies than either plain dark or plain white hides. The closer together the stripes, the fewer flies are visually attracted; the zebra’s legs have particularly fine striping, and this is the shaded part of the body that is most likely to be bitten in other, unstriped equids. More recent research by the same lead author shows that the stripes were no less attractive to tabanids, but they merely touched—and could not make a controlled landing to bite. This suggests that a function of the stripes was interfering with optic flow. This does not preclude the possible use of stripes for other purposes such as signaling or camouflage. Another disruptive mechanism may also be in play, however: a study comparing horse-fly behaviour when approaching horses wearing either striped or check-patterned rugs, when compared with plain rugs, found that either pattern was equally effective in deterring the insects.
Predators and parasites
The eggs of horse-flies are often attacked by tiny parasitic wasps, and the larvae are consumed by birds, as well as being paratised by tachinid flies, fungi, and nematodes. Adult horse-flies are eaten by generalized predators such as birds, and some specialist predators, such as the horse guard wasp (a bembicinid wasp), also preferentially attack horse-flies, catching them to provision their nests.
Reproduction
Mating often occurs in swarms, generally at landmarks such as hilltops. The season, time of day, and type of landmark used for mating swarms are specific to particular species
Eggs are laid on stones or vegetation near water, in clusters of up to 1000, especially on emergent water plants. The eggs are white at first, but darken with age. They hatch after about six days, with the emerging larvae using a special hatching spike to open the egg case. The larvae fall into the water or onto the moist ground below. Chrysops species develop in particularly wet locations, while Tabanus species prefer drier places. The larvae are legless grubs, tapering at both ends. They have small heads and 11 or 13 segments, and moult six to 13 times over the course of a year or more. In temperate species, the larvae have a quiescent period during winter (diapause), while tropical species breed several times a year. In the majority of species, they are white, but in some, they are greenish or brownish, and they often have dark bands on each segment. A respiratory siphon at the hind end allows the larvae to obtain air when submerged in water. Larvae of nearly all species are carnivorous, often cannibalistic in captivity, and consume worms, insect larvae, and arthropods. The larvae may be parasitized by nematodes, flies of the families Bombyliidae and Tachinidae, and Hymenoptera in the family Pteromalidae. When fully developed, the larvae move into drier soil near the surface of the ground to pupate.
The pupae are brown and glossy, rounded at the head end, and tapering at the other end. Wing and limb buds can be seen and each abdominal segment is fringed with short spines. After about two weeks, metamorphosis is complete, the pupal case splits along the thorax, and the adult fly emerges. Males usually appear first, but when both sexes have emerged, mating takes place, courtship starting in the air and finishing on the ground. The female needs to feed on blood before depositing her egg mass
As disease vectors
Tabanids are known vectors for some blood-borne bacterial, viral, protozoan, and worm diseases of mammals, such as the equine infectious anaemia virus and various species of Trypanosoma which cause diseases in animals and humans. Species of the genus Chrysops transmit the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa between humans, and tabanids are known to transmit anthrax among cattle and sheep, and tularemia between rabbits and humans.
Blood loss is a common problem in some animals when large flies are abundant. Some animals have been known to lose up to 300 ml (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz) of blood in a single day to tabanid flies, a loss which can weaken or even kill them. Anecdotal reports of horse-fly bites leading to fatal anaphylaxis in humans have been made, an extremely rare occurrence
Management
Controlling horse-flies is difficult. Malaise traps are most often used to capture them, and these can be modified with the use of baits and attractants that include carbon dioxide or octenol. A dark shiny ball suspended below them that moves in the breeze can also attract them and forms a key part of a modified “Manitoba trap” that is used most often for trapping and sampling the Tabanidae. Cattle can be treated with pour-on pyrethroids which may repel the flies, and fitting them with insecticide-impregnated eartags or collars has had some success in killing the insects
Horse-fly bites
Horse-fly bites can be painful to humans. Usually, a wheal (raised area of skin) occurs around the site, and other symptoms may include urticaria (a rash), dizziness, weakness, wheezing, and angioedema (a temporary itchy, pink or red swelling occurring around the eyes or lips); a few people experience an allergic reaction. The site of the bite should be washed and a cold compress applied. Scratching the wound should be avoided and an antihistamine preparation can be applied. In most cases, the symptoms subside within a few hours, but if the wound becomes infected, medical advice should be sought.
In literature
In Prometheus Bound, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright Aeschylus, a gadfly sent by Zeus’s wife Hera pursues and torments his mistress Io, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman Argus: “Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed.” William Shakespeare, inspired by Aeschylus, has Tom o’Bedlam in King Lear, “Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o’er bog and quagmire”, driven mad by the constant pursuit. In Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare likens Cleopatra’s hasty departure from the Actium battlefield to that of a cow chased by a gadfly: “The breeze [gadfly] upon her, like a cow in June / hoists sail and flies”, where “June” may allude not only to the month but also to the goddess Juno, who torments Io, and the cow in turn may allude to Io, who is changed into a cow in Ovid’s Metamorphoses.
The physician and naturalist Thomas Muffet wrote that the horse-fly “carries before him a very hard, stiff, and well-compacted sting, with which he strikes through the Oxe his hide; he is in fashion like a great Fly, and forces the beasts for fear of him only to stand up to the belly in water, or else to betake themselves to wood sides, cool shades, and places where the wind blowes through.” The “Blue Tail Fly” in the eponymous song was probably the mourning horsefly (Tabanus atratus), a tabanid with a blue-black abdomen common to the southeastern United States.
In Norse mythology Loki took the form of a gadfly to hinder Brokkr during the manufacture of the hammer Mjölnir, weapon of Thor.
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When an irritating insect is flying near you, just hit it, as you would a tennis ball. There are dual large capacitors that hold 3000 volts of zapping power to kill insects but low amperage that allows alkaline batteries to power hundreds of hours of zapping time.
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This is a tool, not a toy. Keep out of reach of children under 8 years old.
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